( 1986, 1992, 1994) or Atanackov and Gosar ( 2013), an interesting comparison of seismic sources can be found presented by Miller et al. The comparison of different sources can be found in many research papers, for example, Miller et al. The idea of applying high-frequency sources to shallow seismic exploration has been discussed for many years (e.g. 1989, 1990) and shallow exploration targets, for example zinc ore (Singh 1984), sulfur ore deposits (Dec 2012 Dec and Cichostępski 2017a, b) and coal beds (Palmer 1987). 2001), subglacial structures (Benjumea and Teixido 2001), post-glacial deposits (Francese et al. The application of near-surface seismic imaging is used mainly for engineering purposes (Steeples and Miller 1990), recognition of shallow geological structures, e.g., depositional sequences (Baumgart-Kotarba et al. Higher frequencies are attenuated more efficiently, however, limiting the depth range of such a signal. In contrast to deep seismic imaging, shallow seismic uses sources of significantly lower energies but with a much higher frequency range, guaranteeing higher resolution of data. It can reach up to several kilometers, registering frequency band spans comprising several tens of Hertz, although the dominant frequency is typically below 50 Hz, depending on the source parameters and the target depth. Berkhout 1985 Sheriff 1985, 1997).Įxploration geophysics is focused on structural and reservoir depth range. Scientists have come to realize that high-resolution imaging is key to understanding the complex nature of many geological targets better (e.g.

Throughout the last 30 years, the interest in engineering and environmental applications of seismic methods for high-resolution imaging of the near surface has increased intensively.

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